Tensorflow

Introducing Keras 3 for R

We are thrilled to introduce {keras3}, the next version of the Keras R package. {keras3} is a ground-up rebuild of {keras}, maintaining the beloved features of the original while refining and simplifying the API based on valuable insights gathered over the past few years

Tomasz Kalinowski

LLaMA in R with Keras and TensorFlow

Implementation and walk-through of LLaMA, a Large Language Model, in R, with TensorFlow and Keras

Tomasz Kalinowski

TensorFlow and Keras 2.9

New TensorFlow and Keras releases bring improvements big and small

Tomasz Kalinowski

Deep Learning with R, 2nd Edition

Announcing the release of “Deep Learning with R, 2nd Edition,” a book that shows you how to get started with deep learning in R

Tomasz Kalinowski

Pre-processing layers in keras: What they are and how to use them

For keras, the last two releases have brought important new functionality, in terms of both low-level infrastructure and workflow enhancements. This post focuses on an outstanding example of the latter category: a new family of layers designed to help with pre-processing, data-augmentation, and feature-engineering tasks

Sigrid Keydana, Tomasz Kalinowski

Revisiting Keras for R

It’s been a while since this blog featured content about Keras for R, so you might’ve thought that the project was dormant. It’s not! In fact, Keras for R is better than ever, with two recent releases adding powerful capabilities that considerably lighten previously tedious tasks. This post provides a high-level overview. Future posts will go into more detail on some of the most helpful new features, as well as dive into the powerful low-level enhancements that make the former possible

Sigrid Keydana, Tomasz Kalinowski

An introduction to weather forecasting with deep learning

A few weeks ago, we showed how to forecast chaotic dynamical systems with deep learning, augmented by a custom constraint derived from domain-specific insight. Global weather is a chaotic system, but of much higher complexity than many tasks commonly addressed with machine and/or deep learning. In this post, we provide a practical introduction featuring a simple deep learning baseline for atmospheric forecasting. While far away from being competitive, it serves to illustrate how more sophisticated and compute-intensive models may approach that formidable task by means of methods situated on the “black-box end” of the continuum

Training ImageNet with R

This post explores how to train large datasets with TensorFlow and R. Specifically, we present how to download and repartition ImageNet, followed by training ImageNet across multiple GPUs in distributed environments using TensorFlow and Apache Spark

FNN-VAE for noisy time series forecasting

In the last part of this mini-series on forecasting with false nearest neighbors (FNN) loss, we replace the LSTM autoencoder from the previous post by a convolutional VAE, resulting in equivalent prediction performance but significantly lower training time. In addition, we find that FNN regularization is of great help when an underlying deterministic process is obscured by substantial noise

Time series prediction with FNN-LSTM

In a recent post, we showed how an LSTM autoencoder, regularized by false nearest neighbors (FNN) loss, can be used to reconstruct the attractor of a nonlinear, chaotic dynamical system. Here, we explore how that same technique assists in prediction. Matched up with a comparable, capacity-wise, “vanilla LSTM”, FNN-LSTM improves performance on a set of very different, real-world datasets, especially for the initial steps in a multi-step forecast

Deep attractors: Where deep learning meets chaos

In nonlinear dynamics, when the state space is thought to be multidimensional but all we have for data is just a univariate time series, one may attempt to reconstruct the true space via delay coordinate embeddings. However, it is not clear a priori how to choose dimensionality and time lag of the reconstruction space. In this post, we show how to use an autoencoder architecture to circumvent the problem: Given just a scalar series of observations, the autoencoder directly learns to represent attractors of chaotic systems in adequate dimensionality

Easy PixelCNN with tfprobability

PixelCNN is a deep learning architecture - or bundle of architectures - designed to generate highly realistic-looking images. To use it, no reverse-engineering of arXiv papers or search for reference implementations is required: TensorFlow Probability and its R wrapper, tfprobability, now include a PixelCNN distribution that can be used to train a straightforwardly-defined neural network in a parameterizable way

Hacking deep learning: model inversion attack by example

Compared to other applications, deep learning models might not seem too likely as victims of privacy attacks. However, methods exist to determine whether an entity was used in the training set (an adversarial attack called member inference), and techniques subsumed under “model inversion” allow to reconstruct raw data input given just model output (and sometimes, context information). This post shows an end-to-end example of model inversion, and explores mitigation strategies using TensorFlow Privacy

Towards privacy: Encrypted deep learning with Syft and Keras

Deep learning need not be irreconcilable with privacy protection. Federated learning enables on-device, distributed model training; encryption keeps model and gradient updates private; differential privacy prevents the training data from leaking. As of today, private and secure deep learning is an emerging technology. In this post, we introduce Syft, an open-source framework that integrates with PyTorch as well as TensorFlow. In an example use case, we obtain private predictions from a Keras model

A first look at federated learning with TensorFlow

The term “federated learning” was coined to describe a form of distributed model training where the data remains on client devices, i.e., is never shipped to the coordinating server. In this post, we introduce central concepts and run first experiments with TensorFlow Federated, using R

NumPy-style broadcasting for R TensorFlow users

Broadcasting, as done by Python’s scientific computing library NumPy, involves dynamically extending shapes so that arrays of different sizes may be passed to operations that expect conformity - such as adding or multiplying elementwise. In NumPy, the way broadcasting works is specified exactly; the same rules apply to TensorFlow operations. For anyone who finds herself, occasionally, consulting Python code, this post strives to explain

First experiments with TensorFlow mixed-precision training

TensorFlow 2.1, released last week, allows for mixed-precision training, making use of the Tensor Cores available in the most recent NVidia GPUs. In this post, we report first experimental results and provide some background on what this is all about

Differential Privacy with TensorFlow

Differential Privacy guarantees that results of a database query are basically independent of the presence in the data of a single individual. Applied to machine learning, we expect that no single training example influences the parameters of the trained model in a substantial way. This post introduces TensorFlow Privacy, a library built on top of TensorFlow, that can be used to train differentially private deep learning models from R

tfhub: R interface to TensorFlow Hub

TensorFlow Hub is a library for the publication, discovery, and consumption of reusable parts of machine learning models. A module is a self-contained piece of a TensorFlow graph, along with its weights and assets, that can be reused across different tasks in a process known as transfer learning

Daniel Falbel

Gaussian Process Regression with tfprobability

Continuing our tour of applications of TensorFlow Probability (TFP), after Bayesian Neural Networks, Hamiltonian Monte Carlo and State Space Models, here we show an example of Gaussian Process Regression. In fact, what we see is a rather “normal” Keras network, defined and trained in pretty much the usual way, with TFP’s Variational Gaussian Process layer pulling off all the magic

Getting started with Keras from R - the 2020 edition

Looking for materials to get started with deep learning from R? This post presents useful tutorials, guides, and background documentation on the new TensorFlow for R website. Advanced users will find pointers to applications of new release 2.0 (or upcoming 2.1!) features alluded to in the recent TensorFlow 2.0 post

Variational convnets with tfprobability

In a Bayesian neural network, layer weights are distributions, not tensors. Using tfprobability, the R wrapper to TensorFlow Probability, we can build regular Keras models that have probabilistic layers, and thus get uncertainty estimates “for free”. In this post, we show how to define, train and obtain predictions from a probabilistic convolutional neural network

tfprobability 0.8 on CRAN: Now how can you use it?

Part of the r-tensorflow ecosystem, tfprobability is an R wrapper to TensorFlow Probability, the Python probabilistic programming framework developed by Google. We take the occasion of tfprobability’s acceptance on CRAN to give a high-level introduction, highlighting interesting use cases and applications

TensorFlow 2.0 is here - what changes for R users?

TensorFlow 2.0 was finally released last week. As R users we have two kinds of questions. First, will my keras code still run? And second, what is it that changes? In this post, we answer both and, then, give a tour of exciting new developments in the r-tensorflow ecosystem

BERT from R

A deep learning model - BERT from Google AI Research - has yielded state-of-the-art results in a wide variety of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. In this tutorial, we will show how to load and train the BERT model from R, using Keras

So, how come we can use TensorFlow from R?

Have you ever wondered why you can call TensorFlow - mostly known as a Python framework - from R? If not - that’s how it should be, as the R packages keras and tensorflow aim to make this process as transparent as possible to the user. But for them to be those helpful genies, someone else first has to tame the Python

Image segmentation with U-Net

In image segmentation, every pixel of an image is assigned a class. Depending on the application, classes could be different cell types; or the task could be binary, as in “cancer cell yes or no?”. Area of application notwithstanding, the established neural network architecture of choice is U-Net. In this post, we show how to preprocess data and train a U-Net model on the Kaggle Carvana image segmentation data

Daniel Falbel, Sigrid Keydana

Modeling censored data with tfprobability

In this post we use tfprobability, the R interface to TensorFlow Probability, to model censored data. Again, the exposition is inspired by the treatment of this topic in Richard McElreath’s Statistical Rethinking. Instead of cute cats though, we model immaterial entities from the cold world of technology: This post explores durations of CRAN package checks, a dataset that comes with Max Kuhn’s parsnip

TensorFlow feature columns: Transforming your data recipes-style

TensorFlow feature columns provide useful functionality for preprocessing categorical data and chaining transformations, like bucketization or feature crossing. From R, we use them in popular “recipes” style, creating and subsequently refining a feature specification. In this post, we show how using feature specs frees cognitive resources and lets you focus on what you really want to accomplish. What’s more, because of its elegance, feature-spec code reads nice and is fun to write as well

Daniel Falbel, Sigrid Keydana

Adding uncertainty estimates to Keras models with tfprobability

As of today, there is no mainstream road to obtaining uncertainty estimates from neural networks. All that can be said is that, normally, approaches tend to be Bayesian in spirit, involving some way of putting a prior over model weights. This holds true as well for the method presented in this post: We show how to use tfprobability, the R interface to TensorFlow Probability, to add uncertainty estimates to a Keras model in an elegant and conceptually plausible way

Hierarchical partial pooling, continued: Varying slopes models with TensorFlow Probability

This post builds on our recent introduction to multi-level modeling with tfprobability, the R wrapper to TensorFlow Probability. We show how to pool not just mean values (“intercepts”), but also relationships (“slopes”), thus enabling models to learn from data in an even broader way. Again, we use an example from Richard McElreath’s “Statistical Rethinking”; the terminology as well as the way we present this topic are largely owed to this book

Tadpoles on TensorFlow: Hierarchical partial pooling with tfprobability

This post is a first introduction to MCMC modeling with tfprobability, the R interface to TensorFlow Probability (TFP). Our example is a multi-level model describing tadpole mortality, which may be known to the reader from Richard McElreath’s wonderful “Statistical Rethinking”

Experimenting with autoregressive flows in TensorFlow Probability

Continuing from the recent introduction to bijectors in TensorFlow Probability (TFP), this post brings autoregressivity to the table. Using TFP through the new R package tfprobability, we look at the implementation of masked autoregressive flows (MAF) and put them to use on two different datasets

Auto-Keras: Tuning-free deep learning from R

Sometimes in deep learning, architecture design and hyperparameter tuning pose substantial challenges. Using Auto-Keras, none of these is needed: We start a search procedure and extract the best-performing model. This post presents Auto-Keras in action on the well-known MNIST dataset

Getting into the flow: Bijectors in TensorFlow Probability

Normalizing flows are one of the lesser known, yet fascinating and successful architectures in unsupervised deep learning. In this post we provide a basic introduction to flows using tfprobability, an R wrapper to TensorFlow Probability. Upcoming posts will build on this, using more complex flows on more complex data

Audio classification with Keras: Looking closer at the non-deep learning parts

Sometimes, deep learning is seen - and welcomed - as a way to avoid laborious preprocessing of data. However, there are cases where preprocessing of sorts does not only help improve prediction, but constitutes a fascinating topic in itself. One such case is audio classification. In this post, we build on a previous post on this blog, this time focusing on explaining some of the non-deep learning background. We then link the concepts explained to updated for near-future releases TensorFlow code

Discrete Representation Learning with VQ-VAE and TensorFlow Probability

Mostly when thinking of Variational Autoencoders (VAEs), we picture the prior as an isotropic Gaussian. But this is by no means a necessity. The Vector Quantised Variational Autoencoder (VQ-VAE) described in van den Oord et al’s “Neural Discrete Representation Learning” features a discrete latent space that allows to learn impressively concise latent representations. In this post, we combine elements of Keras, TensorFlow, and TensorFlow Probability to see if we can generate convincing letters resembling those in Kuzushiji-MNIST

Getting started with TensorFlow Probability from R

TensorFlow Probability offers a vast range of functionality ranging from distributions over probabilistic network layers to probabilistic inference. It works seamlessly with core TensorFlow and (TensorFlow) Keras. In this post, we provide a short introduction to the distributions layer and then, use it for sampling and calculating probabilities in a Variational Autoencoder

Concepts in object detection

As shown in a previous post, naming and locating a single object in an image is a task that may be approached in a straightforward way. This is not the same with general object detection, though - naming and locating several objects at once, with no prior information about how many objects are supposed to be detected. In this post, we explain the steps involved in coding a basic single-shot object detector: Not unlike SSD (Single-shot Multibox Detector), but simplified and designed not for best performance, but comprehensibility

Entity embeddings for fun and profit

Embedding layers are not just useful when working with language data. As “entity embeddings”, they’ve recently become famous for applications on tabular, small-scale data. In this post, we exemplify two possible use cases, also drawing attention to what not to expect

You sure? A Bayesian approach to obtaining uncertainty estimates from neural networks

In deep learning, there is no obvious way of obtaining uncertainty estimates. In 2016, Gal and Ghahramani proposed a method that is both theoretically grounded and practical: use dropout at test time. In this post, we introduce a refined version of this method (Gal et al. 2017) that has the network itself learn how uncertain it is

Naming and locating objects in images

Object detection (the act of classifying and localizing multiple objects in a scene) is one of the more difficult, but very relevant in practice deep learning tasks. We’ll build up to it in several posts. Here we start with the simpler tasks of naming and locating a single object

Representation learning with MMD-VAE

Like GANs, variational autoencoders (VAEs) are often used to generate images. However, VAEs add an additional promise: namely, to model an underlying latent space. Here, we first look at a typical implementation that maximizes the evidence lower bound. Then, we compare it to one of the more recent competitors, MMD-VAE, from the Info-VAE (information maximizing VAE) family

Winner takes all: A look at activations and cost functions

Why do we use the activations we use, and how do they relate to the cost functions they tend to co-appear with? In this post we provide a conceptual introduction

More flexible models with TensorFlow eager execution and Keras

Advanced applications like generative adversarial networks, neural style transfer, and the attention mechanism ubiquitous in natural language processing used to be not-so-simple to implement with the Keras declarative coding paradigm. Now, with the advent of TensorFlow eager execution, things have changed. This post explores using eager execution with R

Collaborative filtering with embeddings

Embeddings are not just for use in natural language processing. Here we apply embeddings to a common task in collaborative filtering - predicting user ratings - and on our way, strive for a better understanding of what an embedding layer really does

Image-to-image translation with pix2pix

Conditional GANs (cGANs) may be used to generate one type of object based on another - e.g., a map based on a photo, or a color video based on black-and-white. Here, we show how to implement the pix2pix approach with Keras and eager execution

Attention-based Image Captioning with Keras

Image captioning is a challenging task at intersection of vision and language. Here, we demonstrate using Keras and eager execution to incorporate an attention mechanism that allows the network to concentrate on image features relevant to the current state of text generation

Neural style transfer with eager execution and Keras

Continuing our series on combining Keras with TensorFlow eager execution, we show how to implement neural style transfer in a straightforward way. Based on this easy-to-adapt example, you can easily perform style transfer on your own images

Getting started with deep learning in R

Many fields are benefiting from the use of deep learning, and with the R keras, tensorflow and related packages, you can now easily do state of the art deep learning in R. In this post, we want to give some orientation as to how to best get started

Generating images with Keras and TensorFlow eager execution

Generative adversarial networks (GANs) are a popular deep learning approach to generating new entities (often but not always images). We show how to code them using Keras and TensorFlow eager execution

Attention-based Neural Machine Translation with Keras

As sequence to sequence prediction tasks get more involved, attention mechanisms have proven helpful. A prominent example is neural machine translation. Following a recent Google Colaboratory notebook, we show how to implement attention in R

Classifying physical activity from smartphone data

Using Keras to train a convolutional neural network to classify physical activity. The dataset was built from the recordings of 30 subjects performing basic activities and postural transitions while carrying a waist-mounted smartphone with embedded inertial sensors

Nick Strayer

Predicting Sunspot Frequency with Keras

In this post we will examine making time series predictions using the sunspots dataset that ships with base R. Sunspots are dark spots on the sun, associated with lower temperature. Our post will focus on both how to apply deep learning to time series forecasting, and how to properly apply cross validation in this domain

Simple Audio Classification with Keras

In this tutorial we will build a deep learning model to classify words. We will use the Speech Commands dataset which consists of 65,000 one-second audio files of people saying 30 different words

Daniel Falbel

lime v0.4: The Kitten Picture Edition

A new major release of lime has landed on CRAN. lime is an R port of the Python library of the same name by Marco Ribeiro that allows the user to pry open black box machine learning models and explain their outcomes on a per-observation basis

Thomas Lin Pedersen

Deep Learning for Cancer Immunotherapy

The aim of this post is to illustrate how deep learning is being applied in cancer immunotherapy (Immuno-oncology or Immunooncology) - a cancer treatment strategy, where the aim is to utilize the cancer patient’s own immune system to fight the cancer

Predicting Fraud with Autoencoders and Keras

In this post we will train an autoencoder to detect credit card fraud. We will also demonstrate how to train Keras models in the cloud using CloudML. The basis of our model will be the Kaggle Credit Card Fraud Detection dataset

Daniel Falbel

Analyzing rtweet Data with kerasformula

The kerasformula package offers a high-level interface for the R interface to Keras. It’s main interface is the kms function, a regression-style interface to keras_model_sequential that uses formulas and sparse matrices. We use kerasformula to predict how popular tweets will be based on how often the tweet was retweeted and favorited

Deep Learning With Keras To Predict Customer Churn

Using Keras to predict customer churn based on the IBM Watson Telco Customer Churn dataset. We also demonstrate using the lime package to help explain which features drive individual model predictions. In addition, we use three new packages to assist with Machine Learning: recipes for preprocessing, rsample for sampling data and yardstick for model metrics

Classifying Duplicate Questions from Quora with Keras

In this post we will use Keras to classify duplicated questions from Quora. Our implementation is inspired by the Siamese Recurrent Architecture, with modifications to the similarity measure and the embedding layers (the original paper uses pre-trained word vectors)

Daniel Falbel

Word Embeddings with Keras

Word embedding is a method used to map words of a vocabulary to dense vectors of real numbers where semantically similar words are mapped to nearby points. In this example we’ll use Keras to generate word embeddings for the Amazon Fine Foods Reviews dataset

Daniel Falbel

Time Series Forecasting with Recurrent Neural Networks

In this post, we’ll review three advanced techniques for improving the performance and generalization power of recurrent neural networks. We’ll demonstrate all three concepts on a temperature-forecasting problem, where you have access to a time series of data points coming from sensors installed on the roof of a building

Image Classification on Small Datasets with Keras

Having to train an image-classification model using very little data is a common situation, in this article we review three techniques for tackling this problem including feature extraction and fine tuning from a pretrained network

Deep Learning for Text Classification with Keras

Two-class classification, or binary classification, may be the most widely applied kind of machine-learning problem. In this excerpt from the book Deep Learning with R, you’ll learn to classify movie reviews as positive or negative, based on the text content of the reviews

Keras for R

We are excited to announce that the keras package is now available on CRAN. The package provides an R interface to Keras, a high-level neural networks API developed with a focus on enabling fast experimentation

Heather & Jacqueline Nolis | Push straight to prod: API development with R and Tensorflow | RStudio

Talk from rstudio::conf(2019)

When tasked with creating the first customer-facing machine learning model at T-Mobile, we were faced with a conundrum. We had been told time and time again to deploy machine learning models in production you had to use Python, but our very best data scientists were fluent in building neural networks in R with Keras and TensorFlow. Determined to avoid double work, we decided to use R in production for our machine learning models. After months of work, wrangling our containers to meet cloud security compliance, and conforming to DevOps standards, we succeeded in creating a containerized API solution using the keras and plumber R packages and Docker. Today R is actively powering tools that our customers directly interact with and we have open sourced our methods. In this talk, we’ll walk through how to deploy R models as container-based APIs, the struggles and triumphs we’ve had using R in production, and how you can design your teams to optimize for this sort of innovation.

About Heather Nolis: Heather Nolis is a founding member of the AI @ T-Mobile team, focusing the conversion of cutting-edge analyses to real-time, scalable data-driven products. She began her career in neuroscience but once realized how heavily that field relied on software built by other people, she pivoted - deciding to make software herself. You can find her @heatherklus on Twitter, where she speaks about diversity in technology, the ethical implications of data, and cats.

About Jacqueline Nolis: Dr. Jacqueline Nolis is a co-founder of Nolis, LLC, a data science consulting firm. She has over a decade of experience using data to help companies including DSW, Union Bank, Microsoft, and Airbnb. She has a PhD from Arizona State University where her research focused on electric vehicle route optimization. For fun she likes to use machine learning for humor